Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Body (a) and organ (b) weight of Wt (white bars) and Nod1/2 DKO (black bars) mice at the age of 3 months revealed no differences except for liver weight, which was lower in Nod1/2 DKO compared with Wt mice. (c) PasD-stained kidney sections (magnification 20×) of Wt (upper) and Nod1/2 DKO (lower) mice showing small cysts (asterisk). (d) HE-stained liver sections (magnification 20×) of Wt (upper) and Nod1/2 DKO (lower) mice showing small inflammatory infiltrates (white arrow). (e) HE-stained small intestinal sections (magnification 4×) of Wt (upper) and Nod1/2 DKO (lower) mice including Peyer's patches. Data are expressed as mean ± sem, n = 7. *P<0.05 compared with Wt.
- Fig. 2.
Absolute number of leukocytes (a) and relative numbers of the different leukocyte subsets as a percentage of total leukocyte count (b) in blood of 3-month-old Wt (white bars) and Nod1/2 DKO mice (black bars). No differences between both strains were observed in the total number of leukocytes. Nod1/2 DKO mice had slightly lower percentage of granulocytes as compared with Wt mice. Data are expressed as mean ± sem, n = 7. *P<0.05 compared with Wt.
- Table 1. Biochemical analysis of Wt and NOD1/2 DKO plasma.
- Fig. 3.
(a) Intestinal permeability was determined by the concentration of FITC ([FITC]) in plasma of Wt (white bars) and Nod1/2 DKO (black bars) 4 hours after oral administration of 4 kDa dextran-FITC. Low levels of FITC were detected in Wt plasma. Two out of 6 Nod1/2 DKO mice showed markedly increased plasma FITC levels indicating an increased intestinal permeability as compared with Wt mice. (b) Vascular permeability was determined 1 hour after i.v. injection of 20 mg/kg Evan's Blue Dye (EBD). No differences between Wt (white bars) and Nod1/2 DKO (black bars) mice was observed in the extravasation of EBD into various organs. Data are expressed as mean ± sem, n = 6 (a) or n = 9 (b).
- Fig. 4.
Plasma analysis of Wt (white bars) and Nod1/2 DKO (black bars) mice 2 hours and 24 hours after i.p. injection of LPS+PGN or saline (control). Pro-inflammatory cytokines Tnfα (a), Il-1β (b) and KC (c) were significantly increased upon LPS+PGN injection and returned to control levels after 24 hours, no differences between both strains was observed. The anti-inflammatory cytokine Il-10 (d) was not detectable in plasma of control mice; however, it was present 2 and 24 hours after LPS+PGN challenge with a significant lower level Nod1/2 DKO mice at 24 hours as compared with Wt mice. Plasma damage marker LDH (e) was significant increased 2 hours after LPS+PGN injection and increased further at 24 hours. ASAT (f) and ALAT (g), two other organ damage markers, were significantly increased 24 hours upon LPS+PGN administration. All three damage markers were comparable between Wt and Nod1/2 DKO mice at all examined time-points. Data are expressed as mean ± sem, n = 5–8. *P<0.05
- Fig. 5.
Analysis of renal parameters in Wt (white bars) and Nod1/2 DKO (black bars) 2 and 24 hours after LPS+PGN or 24 hours after saline (control) administration. In Wt mice the renal expression of Nod1 (a) and Nod2 (b) was determined. Nod1 and Nod2 mRNA was significantly increased 2 hours after LPS+PGN injection, Nod1 mRNA increased further at 24 hours while Nod2 expression returned to control levels. Renal function was determined by plasma ureum (c) and creatinine (d). Twenty-four hours following LPS+PGN injection Wt mice showed elevated levels of ureum and creatinine indicating a decrease in renal function. Plasma creatinine was not significantly increased in Nod1/2 DKO mice following LPS+PGN injection and was significantly lower as compared to Wt mice at 24 hours following LPS+PGN injection. Renal mRNA expression of Kim-1 (e), and Ngal (f) was significantly increased 24 hours following LPS+PGN compared with control, indicative of acute kidney injury. Significantly lower Kim-1 levels were observed in Nod1/2 DKO mice compared with Wt mice at 24 hours after LPS+PGN injection. Renal pro-inflammatory cytokine protein levels of Tnfα (g), Il-1β (h) and KC (i) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il-10 (j) were significantly increased after 2 hours and returned to control levels after 24 hours in both strains. Significantly higher levels of Tnfα, KC, and Il-10 were observed in Nod1/2 DKO mice as compared with Wt mice after 2 hours. Data are expressed as mean ± sem, n = 5–8. *P<0.05 compared with control (a,b) or Wt (c–j).
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