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Figures
- Fig. 1. Relative proportions of the mean individual (individual 10) in each population.
Other individuals in a population are isometrically scaled versions of individual 10.
- Fig. 2. Internal work (from potential and kinetic energy) in the segments (A) and summed for a limb (B) for the mean individual (individual 10) in the mean population (population 1) and in the population with mean crural index, but +3 standard deviation circumferences (population 2).
Three strides are shown; heelstrike for the right leg is shown with the solid black vertical line and for the left with a dashed black vertical line. The interval over which the analysis was done (first step of second stride) is indicated with a solid red double-headed arrow. The interval that was used to check the analysis (the second step of the second stride) is indicated with a dashed double-headed arrow. In A, the upper curves are for the thigh, the middle curves for the calf, and the lower curves are for the foot. Darker shades are population 1 while lighter shades are population 2. In B, the sum of the energies of the left (rust) and right (green) lower limbs are shown. The lower set of curves is for population 1, while upper set is population 2.
- Fig. 3. External work and kinetic and potential energy of the whole body for the mean individual (individual 10) in the mean population (population 1) and in the population with mean circumferences, but +3 standard deviation crural index (population 4).
Three strides are shown; heelstrike for the right leg is shown with the solid black vertical line and for the left with a dashed black vertical line. The interval over which the analysis was done (first step of second stride) is indicated with a solid red double-headed arrow. The interval that was used to check the analysis (the second step of the second stride) is indicated with a dashed double-headed arrow.
- Fig. 4. Mass-specific power or cost of transport versus lower limb length for Fr = 0.25.
(A) External power, (B) internal power, (C) external cost of transport, and (D) internal cost of transport. Populations 1–3, which have the average crural index, are indicated with squares; populations 4–6, which have a relatively high crural index, are indicated with diamonds; populations 7–9, which have a relatively low crural index, are indicated with circles. Populations 2, 5 and 8 have circumferences that are +3 standard deviations above the mean; populations 3, 6, and 9 have circumferences that are −3 standard deviations above the mean.
Tables
- Table 1. Studies chosen through a review of the literature supplemented with unpublished data available to the authors.
Inclusion criteria include the ability to discern multiple individual values of
O2 at normal walking velocity (1.1–1.5 m/s). We acquired the O2 data through 3 mechanisms: tables with individual values were presented in the published information, figures in the published sources indicated individual values which could be digitized by us, or the original data were either ours or made available to us. Many authors report only average data or had their walk-subjects walk at velocities other than normal, while some studies provide exemplary data of one individual and averages for all others or included small numbers of subjects. In order to determine the max./min. value, multiple individual data points are necessary. - Table 2. Population parameters.
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