Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Fluorescence of Olindias. Photos of O. formosus in (A-C) white light and (D,E) under blue light, showing the fluorescence. Under white light (B) the fluorescence is excited, but is not distinct against the full-spectrum background illumination. (B,C) The tips of the tentacles have a pink chromoprotein which absorbs blue and green light, and thus appears dark in (D). Panel D is shown without a barrier filter, so the blue excitation has not been subtracted. Panel E shows the view with a long-pass filter so the blue-excitation is removed.
- Fig. 2.
LED spectra subset. (A) Excitation (blue) and emission (green) of the green fluorescent protein and absorbance spectrum of the pink chromoprotein in tentacle tips of O. formosus. (B) LED emission spectra for the three treatments used in the experiment. Blue LED excites the fluorescent protein with minimal overlap with the emission spectrum (dashed grey line). Yellow LED is longer wavelength than the excitation spectrum of the fluorescence. X-axis, wavelength in nm.
- Table 1.
Mean time spent
- Fig. 3.
Box plots of number of attacks. Number of attacks plotted by the factor (medusa present or control conditions) and for each of three lighting schemes (color of bars). Box plots show mean (dot), standard error (shaded box height) and 95% confidence interval (whisker height). Significant differences in the number of attacks (P≪1×10−5) were obtained only for the treatment that included a live medusa with blue illumination. Attack behavior with the control objects and yellow or white lighting conditions were not significantly different from each other.
- Table 2.
Mean number of attacks
- Fig. 4.
Underwater housing for laser pointer used for in-situ experiments. Laser was first modified by connecting a magnetic reed switch across leads of the push-button actuator. The housing was built from plumbing hardware, using a PVC union joint which had the pipe fitting opposite the O-ring removed and replaced with a clear acrylic disk. A neodymium magnet outside the tube can be rotated to activate the reed switch inside the tube.
- Fig. 5.
Frame grabs from video of the green laser deployment underwater. (A-D) Great Barrier Reef, showing wrasses pursuing the laser across the bottom and biting at it. (E-H) Aquarium footage of a goatfish responding to the appearance of the laser. Interval from E-F is 330 ms, and images G and H are each at 100 ms intervals. In image G, the barbels, laden with taste sensors, are extended to investigate the dot.
- Fig. 6.
Examples of species in which fluorescence may be functioning for prey attraction. (A-C) The siphonophore Rhizophysa eysenhardti, showing white light view (A) and green fluorescence (B,C), with red illumination (not fluorescence) to show the rest of the body. (D) Bioluminescence emission of the siphonophore Rosacea plicata, with no illumination. Compare with panel G showing the distribution of fluorescence. (E,F) Light and fluorescence of the triplefin blenny Enneapterygius sp., a small tropical species with fluorescent skeletal structures. (G) White illuminated photo of Rosacea showing the fluorescence near the top of the stem and in the gastrozoids, bright enough to see without special blue excitation or filters. (H,I) White light and fluorescence of the non-symbiotic strawberry anemone Corynactis californica, showing the multi-colored fluorescence of its polyps. Scale (width of frame), A: 1.7 cm; B: 1.2 cm; C: 1.3 mm; D: 9.3 cm; E: 8.4 mm; F: 8.6 mm; G: 1.3 cm; H,I: 2.9 cm. (J,K) White light and fluorescence of the mantis shrimp Gonodactylaceus randalli. Other mantis shrimp species have strong fluorescence on their second antenna scale. (L) Cerianthid tube anemone under mixed lighting showing prominent fluorescence in central tentacles. (M-O) The siphonophore Diphyes dispar under three lighting schemes to show morphology and fluorescence associated gastrozooids (feeding polyps). Even in white light without special excitation (M) the fluorescence is visible, and it is enhanced by blue illumination (N,O). Red light in O is external illumination and not fluorescence. (P) Amphipod Cyphocaris showing several types of fluorescence: yellow from bioluminescent structure, blue from chitin, and orange likely from chlorophyll-containing gut contents. (Q) Like the hydromedusa O. formosus used in our experiments, Sarsia tubulosa has fluorescent structures that are not associated with sites of bioluminescence. Scale (width of frame), J,K: 2.9 cm; L: 9 cm; M: 2.6 cm; N: 8 mm; O: 4.7 mm; P: 11 mm; Q: 6 cm. Dots below panel letters represent color of illumination/excitation used for photos: white, blue, red, or none (bioluminescent light from organism only). Yellow bar above dots indicates when a yellow long-pass barrier filter was used.
- Fig. 7.
Experiments were conducted in a custom-built aquarium with opaque sides and transparent front. A clear barrier was fixed in place between the medusa and the fish, and an opaque barrier could be inserted between the fish and the target. The two opaque lids over the top each contained four colored LEDs, which could be changed out for the trials.
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