Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Are all clones created equal? Arrows mark the direction of regeneration, shades mark the regenerated part, and stars mark the retention of memory. (A) Case 1: planaria produces genetic and epigenetic clones upon fission, while brain-encoded memory is erased (‘twins’). (B) Case 2: fission creates different sets of starting conditions to the regenerating fragments and thus making them ‘siblings’. (C) Case 3: the naïve fragment is a descendent of the experienced head fragment which still retains the memory. While similar to case 2, the head fragment in this case remains the ‘parent’ of the tail fragment and does not undergo any major process of resetting of past experiences. (D) Case 4: the organisms that result from fission are truly identical if neuronally-encoded memories are shared between the clones (‘myself’).
- Fig. 2.
The effects of cellular mosaicism on regenerated tissues in planaria and plants. (I) After fission or bisection, each neoblast in the formed blastema may differ in its genetic and epigenetic content, and contribute to the variation in the regenerated tissue, resulting in difference between and within the regenerated fragments. (II) After a break in the plant tissue, various somatic cells may regenerate plant tissue. The newly grown tissue may differ genetically and epigenetically due to environmental effects on its originating somatic cells.
Keywords
Article Navigation
- Top
- Article
- ABSTRACT
- Introduction
- Hypothesis
- Reproduction as regeneration
- Asymmetry and memory
- Which memories might survive fission?
- Asymmetric retention of neuronally encoded memory
- In which cases does the term ‘generations’ apply?
- ‘Generations’ of dividing cells
- Generations in plants
- Generations in sexually reproducing animals
- Suggested experiments
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- Footnotes
- References
- Figures & tables
- Info & metrics
- eLetters
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