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Figures
- Fig. 1.
Mortality of nematodes after exposure to different α-terthienyl concentrations with or without photoactivation. Mortality percentages (mean±s.e.) of C. elegans young adults (A), C. elegans dauer larvae (B), and M. incognita J2s (C), after exposure to different α-terthienyl concentrations, with or without 30 min photoactivation. Mortality was counted after 24 h. (**P<0.005, Mann–Whitney U-test). Mean±s.e. of each mortality percentage was calculated from the totals of over 12 wells from 96-well experiments; more than four wells were used in one experiment (total >80 nematodes per sample) and these were repeated three times independently. Photos were taken using DIC microscopy.
- Fig. 2.
Mortality of C. elegans after exposure to different α-terthienyl concentrations without photoactivation. Mortality percentages (mean± s.e.) of C. elegans young adults, 24, 48 and 72 h after α-terthienyl exposure. Mean±s.e. of each mortality percentage was calculated from over 12 wells from 96-well experiments; more than four wells were used in one experiment (total >80 nematodes per sample) and these were repeated three times independently (*P<0.05, **P<0.005, Mann–Whitney U-test followed by Bonferroni correction).
- Fig. 3.
GST-4::GFP expression patterns in the transgenic nematode KHA143 {chuIs143[unc-119(+), Pgst-4::gst-4::gfp]II}. (A,B) No expression was observed without any treatment. (C,D) Strong GST-4::GFP expression was induced throughout the body when treated with 7.03 mM of acrylamide for 24 h. (E,F) GST-4::GFP expression was induced in the hypodermis when treated with 10 µM of α-terthienyl for 24 h.
- Fig. 4.
SOD-1::GFP expression patterns in the transgenic nematode KHA169 {sod-1::[chuSi169 gfp::3×flag]II}. (A,B) Weak and constitutive expression of SOD-1::GFP was observed throughout the body without any treatment. (C,D) Strong SOD-1::GFP expression was induced throughout the body when treated with 7.03 mM of acrylamide for 24 h. (E,F) SOD-1::GFP expression was induced strongly in the hypodermis when treated with 10 µM of α-terthienyl for 24 h.
- Fig. 5.
CTL-1::GFP expression patterns in the transgenic nematode KHA166 {chuIs166[unc-119(+), Pctl-1::Bxy-ctl-1::gfp]}. (A,B) Constitutive expression of CTL-1::GFP was observed in the intestine without any treatment. (C,D) Expression patterns of CTL-1::GFP were not affected when treated with 10 µM of α-terthienyl for 24 h.
- Fig. 6.
Knockdown of skn-1 by RNAi suppresses the induction of GST-4::GFP and SOD-1::GFP expression even after treatment with 10 µM α-terthienyl for 24 h. (A,B) No expression of GST-4::GFP in KHA143 {chuIs143[unc-119(+), Pgst-4::gst-4::gfp]II} was observed even after treatment with 10 µM of α-terthienyl for 24 h. (C,D) Weak and constitutive expression of SOD-1::GFP in KHA169 {sod-1::gfp [chuSi169 gfp::3×flag]II} after treatment with 10 µM of α-terthienyl for 24 h.
- Fig. 7.
Knockdown of wdr-23 by RNAi strongly induced GST-4::GFP and SOD-1::GFP expressions throughout the body. (A,B) Strong expression of GST-4::GFP in KHA143 {chuIs143[unc-119(+), Pgst-4::gst-4::gfp]II} was observed throughout the body. (C,D) Strong expression of SOD-1::GFP in KHA169 {sod-1::gfp [chuSi169 gfp::3×flag]II} was observed throughout the body.
- Fig. 8.
C. elegans susceptibility to α-terthienyl was affected by the activities of skn-1 and wdr-23. Mortality percentage (mean±s.e.) of nematodes treated by RNAi after exposure of α-terthienyl for (A) 24 h, (B) 48 h and (C) 72 h. Mean±s.e. of each mortality percentage was calculated from over 12 wells of 96-well experiments; more than four wells were used in one experiment (total >80 nematodes per sample) and these were repeated three times independently (*P<0.05, **P<0.005, Mann–Whitney U-test followed by Bonferroni correction).
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